Women have made tremendous progress in education and the workplace during the past 50 years. Even in historically male felds such as business, law, and medicine, women have made impressive gains. In scientifc areas, however, women’s educational gains have been less dramatic, and their progress in the workplace still slower. In an era when women are increasingly prominent in medicine, law, and business, why are so few women becoming scientists and engineers?

This study tackles this puzzling question and presents a picture of what we know—and what is still to be understood—about girls and women in scientifc felds. Te report focuses on practical ways that families, schools, and communities can create an environment of encouragement that can disrupt negative stereotypes about women’s capacity in these demanding felds. By supporting the development of girls’ confdence in their ability to learn math and science, we help motivate interest in these felds. Women’s educational progress should be celebrated, yet more work is needed to ensure that women and girls have full access to educational and employment opportunities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.